diff --git a/crates/goose/src/agents/reply_parts.rs b/crates/goose/src/agents/reply_parts.rs
index 331838140..a4ee0ff7b 100644
--- a/crates/goose/src/agents/reply_parts.rs
+++ b/crates/goose/src/agents/reply_parts.rs
@@ -795,7 +795,7 @@ pub fn is_tool_visible_to_app(tool: &Tool) -> bool {
         return true;
     };
     let Some(arr) = visibility.as_array() else {
-        return true;
+        return false;
     };
     arr.iter().any(|v| v.as_str() == Some("app"))
 }
@@ -1757,6 +1757,12 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(!is_tool_visible_to_app(&tool));
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn test_app_hidden_when_visibility_is_not_array() {
+        let tool = make_tool_with_meta(Some(serde_json::json!({"ui": {"visibility": "model"}})));
+        assert!(!is_tool_visible_to_app(&tool));
+    }
+
     fn usage_with_stats(stats: Option<ProviderStats>) -> ProviderUsage {
         let mut usage = ProviderUsage::new("mock".to_string(), Usage::default());
         usage.stats = stats;